Britain’s Air Power Coup: How GCAP’s 6th-Gen Fighter Could Dethrone America’s F-35 Dominance

The Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) is an unprecedented initiative uniting the United Kingdom, Japan, and Italy to develop a sixth-generation stealth fighter. This project, designed to replace aircraft such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Mitsubishi F-2, aims to produce a prototype by 2027 and enter service by 2035. GCAP intends to integrate advanced technologies such as stealth capabilities, next-generation propulsion, and combat artificial intelligence. It is not merely about building a new fighter jet—GCAP symbolizes these nations’ collective push for strategic independence and the revitalization of the aerospace industries in Europe and Asia in the face of global competition.

The UK, through companies such as BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce, and its radar and defense electronics subsidiaries, leads the development of the aircraft body and integration of combat systems. Italy contributes through Leonardo and MBDA with the development of structural components and advanced weaponry, while Japan brings in Mitsubishi’s expertise in propulsion systems and processing of sensitive data. This combination of competencies allows for technology transfer and cost-sharing, while reinforcing a multinational supply chain—one that none of the partners could have accomplished alone.

One of GCAP’s core objectives is to reduce reliance on American systems such as the F-35, which has posed limitations in terms of upgrades and parts supply. By creating a domestically controlled fighter, the three countries will retain full authority over the product lifecycle and can adapt its capabilities according to national needs. To facilitate coordination and protect autonomy, an intergovernmental organization (GIGO) has been established, providing a legal and managerial framework that shields decision-making from external pressure.

The GCAP jet features a delta wing design, short vertical stabilizers, and diverterless air intakes, delivering high stealth and maneuverability. The fuselage, which is three to four meters longer than the Typhoon, enables greater weapons payload and operational range. It will be capable of launching guided missiles, smart bombs, and even loyal-wingman drones. Its modular structure also allows for the installation of directed-energy weapons such as pulsed lasers to counter drones and missiles. A modified Boeing 757 test platform is used to evaluate aerodynamic behavior and sensor integration with high precision.

GCAP is more than just a fighter—it forms part of a “super battle system” that includes reconnaissance drones, ground command systems, communication satellites, and encrypted data links. This integrated network of human, machine, and AI-driven combat capabilities will enable rapid and precise decision-making on the battlefield. Research projects like ISANKE (Integrated Sensing and Non-Kinetic Effects) and ICS (Integrated Communications System) are designed to empower the pilot to conduct cyber and electronic operations as well.

From a geopolitical perspective, GCAP reflects a successful Europe-Asia collaboration that counters rival projects like FCAS (France, Germany, and Spain). Rising concerns over China’s growing military power and dependency on U.S. technology have pushed these three nations toward building an independent defense capability. Their alliance not only strengthens their security but also offers a global model for cross-continental defense cooperation, shifting the balance of power away from U.S. arms dominance. GCAP could thus become a benchmark for successful supranational defense partnerships and pave the way for a new framework of global security cooperation.

Despite its progress, GCAP faces challenges, including tight delivery deadlines for 2035, complex coordination among multiple corporations, and justifying substantial budgets. Political hesitation and competition with FCAS may also influence its trajectory. Nevertheless, government backing and a long-term vision for global market leadership increase the program’s prospects for success.

In conclusion, GCAP represents more than a sixth-generation fighter—it embodies the shared ambition of nations that, by setting aside technological exclusivity, are working to shape a new global security and industrial order based on independence, innovation, and international collaboration. With the UK leading the charge, this project marks a crucial step in maintaining its role as a pillar of military and technological industry. Together with Italy and Japan, it opens a new horizon in the concept of defense alliances beyond geographic boundaries. In the not-so-distant future, victory in complex battles may rest in the hands of smart fighter networks and their connected systems. Britain's efforts to portray itself as a key player in global political, security, and military arenas are evident in this strategic collaboration—an attempt to compensate for its weaknesses and preserve its sphere of influence. However, this approach may pose long-term challenges, such as technological dependency and unforeseen consequences for its national security. Still, the future will reveal the true implications of this trajectory.

*Translated by Ashraf Hemmati from the original Persian article written by Amin Mahdavi